A search warrant is not a subpoena — there is no negotiation and no production schedule. Agents arrive and take what the warrant authorises. Fed. R. Crim. P. 41 requires the warrant to identify the person or property to be searched and any property to be seized. What a company does in the following hours — and what its employees are told — shapes everything that comes after.
Waxman Litigation acts for companies and their boards. Seth B. Waxman spent 13 years as an Assistant United States Attorney in the District of Columbia, roughly eight of them on fraud and public corruption.
What the warrant must contain
Warrant to Search for and Seize a Person or Property. Except for a tracking-device warrant, the warrant must identify the person or property to be searched, identify any person or property to be seized, and designate the magistrate judge to whom it must be returned. The warrant must command the officer to: (i) execute the warrant within a specified time no longer than 14 days; (ii) execute the warrant during the daytime, unless the judge for good cause expressly authorizes execution at another time; and (iii) return the warrant to the magistrate judge designated in the warrant. (B) Warrant Seeking Electronically Stored Information. A warrant under Rule 41(e)(2)(A) may authorize the seizure of electronic storage media or the seizure or copying of electronically stored information. Unless otherwise specified, the warrant authorizes a later review of the media or information consistent with
Fed. R. Crim. P. 41
Ask for a copy and read it. The description of what may be seized is the boundary of the search, and it is the document everything is later measured against.
While the search is under way
Do not obstruct, and do not consent to anything beyond the warrant. Note what is taken. Employees should be told they are free to leave and that they may speak to their own lawyer — telling them what to say is the territory of 18 U.S.C. § 1512(b).
(b) Whoever knowingly uses intimidation, threatens, or corruptly persuades another person, or attempts to do so, or engages in misleading conduct toward another person, with intent to— (1) influence, delay, or prevent the testimony of any person in an official proceeding; (2) cause or induce any person to— (A) withhold testimony, or withhold a record, document, or other object, from an official proceeding; (B) alter, destroy, mutilate, or conceal an object with intent to impair the object’s integrity or availability for use in an official proceeding; (C) evade legal process summoning that person to appear as a witness, or to produce a record, document, or other object, in an official proceeding; or (D) be absent from an official proceeding to which such person has been summoned by legal process; or (3) hinder, delay, or prevent the communication to a law enforcement officer or judge of t
18 U.S.C. § 1512
Immediately afterwards
Preserve everything remaining — § 1519 applies with full force once a matter plainly exists. Then establish the posture: a warrant means a magistrate found probable cause, which is a materially different position from a subpoena and should be treated as such. Consider an internal investigation and whether individuals need separate counsel.
What is the exposure created by the response to a search warrant?
The most serious charges in a search-warrant case frequently arise from what happens after agents leave, not from the conduct under investigation. Moving records, coaching a colleague about what to say, or answering a follow-up question inaccurately each creates a separate federal offense.
| Provision | Official heading | Maximum term |
|---|---|---|
| 18 U.S.C. § 1519 | Destruction, alteration, or falsification of records in Federal investigations | 20 years |
| 18 U.S.C. § 1512 | Tampering with a witness, victim, or an informant | Up to 20 years, depending on the conduct charged |
| 18 U.S.C. § 1001 | Statements or entries generally | 5 years (8 if terrorism-related) |
Frequently asked questions
Can we refuse entry?
No. A warrant authorises the search. Obstruction creates separate exposure.
Can we ask agents questions?
You can ask for a copy of the warrant. Making statements is a different matter — § 1001 applies.
Can we tell employees not to talk?
No. They may be told they are free to leave and may consult their own counsel. Instructing them what to say engages § 1512(b).
Is a warrant worse than a subpoena?
It reflects a judicial finding of probable cause, which is a different posture and should be treated accordingly.
Who decides the scope of a search?
The judge who issued the warrant. The warrant itself identifies the place to be searched and the items to be seized, and that document is the boundary of what agents are authorized to take.
Why does a warrant signal a different posture from a subpoena?
Because a warrant is obtained on a judicial finding of probable cause and executed without notice, while a subpoena asks the recipient to produce. The difference indicates the government did not intend to rely on the recipient to gather the material.
When does the deadline for any resulting federal charge run from?
From the commission of the offense, not from the date of the search. A search can occur years into an investigation without extending the period, which runs five years under 18 U.S.C. § 3282(a) unless a longer period is expressly provided.
Where would charges arising from a search in Washington, D.C. be brought?
In the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. A judge of that district issued the warrant on a probable-cause showing, and any motion challenging the scope of the search is heard there; 28 U.S.C. § 88 makes the District a single judicial district.
How should a company record what happened during a search?
By noting which areas were entered, which systems and devices were taken, who was present and what was said, and by obtaining the inventory of what was seized. That contemporaneous record is the basis for any later challenge to the scope of the search.
How much can a conviction cost if charges follow the search?
The ceiling comes from the statute of conviction where that statute sets one, and otherwise from 18 U.S.C. § 3571, under which an individual found guilty of a felony may be fined up to $250,000 or the higher amount produced by the alternative measure in subsection (d). A fine is separate from any forfeiture the government pursues against property.
Sources and legal authorities
General information about federal law, not legal advice, and not a prediction of any outcome. Federal criminal exposure turns on facts this page cannot assess. If your company has been contacted by investigators or has received a subpoena, take advice before gathering documents or interviewing staff.
Related: Government Subpoenas & Investigative Demands · False Statements & Obstruction · White-Collar Defense · Internal Investigations. Call (301) 901-3109 or use the contact page.