Waxman Litigation advises companies and boards on receiving and handling internal complaints. It does not represent whistleblowers or relators. The single most important thing to understand is that retaliation exposure attaches independently of whether the complaint is right. A complaint that turns out to be entirely unfounded can still produce a valid retaliation claim if the company’s response to the complainant was adverse.
Waxman Litigation conducts and advises on investigations for companies and their boards. Seth B. Waxman spent 13 years as an Assistant United States Attorney in the District of Columbia, roughly eight of them on fraud and public corruption.
Two separate questions, and companies conflate them
| Question | What it turns on | Who decides |
|---|---|---|
| Is the complaint correct? | The facts, established by investigation | The investigation |
| Was the response to the complainant lawful? | How the company treated them afterwards | A court or agency, later |
⭐ Treating a complaint as an attack on the company is how a manageable factual question becomes a separate, and often larger, legal claim.
The False Claims Act anti-retaliation provision
(h) Relief From Retaliatory Actions.— (1) In general.— Any employee, contractor, or agent shall be entitled to all relief necessary to make that employee, contractor, or agent whole, if that employee, contractor, or agent is discharged, demoted, suspended, threatened, harassed, or in any other manner discriminated against in the terms and conditions of employment because of lawful acts done by the employee, contractor, agent or associated others in furtherance of an action under this section or other efforts to stop 1 or more violations of this subchapter. (2) Relief.— Relief under paragraph (1) shall include reinstatement with the same seniority status that employee, contractor, or agent would have had but for the discrimination, 2 times the amount of back pay, interest on the back pay, and compensation for any special damages sustained as a result of the discrimination, including litig
31 U.S.C. § 3730(h)
Note the breadth of the conduct described — discharged, demoted, suspended, threatened, harassed, or discriminated against. Informal consequences count.
Public companies: 18 U.S.C. § 1514A
(a) Whistleblower Protection for Employees of Publicly Traded Companies.— No company with a class of securities registered under section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ( 15 U.S.C. 78 l ), or that is required to file reports under section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ( 15 U.S.C. 78 o (d)) including any subsidiary or affiliate whose financial information is included in the consolidated financial statements of such company, or nationally recognized statistical rating organization (as defined in section 3(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 ( 15 U.S.C. 78c ), [1] or any officer, employee, contractor, subcontractor, or agent of such company or nationally recognized statistical rating organization, may discharge, demote, suspend, threaten, harass, or in any other manner discriminate against an employee in the terms and conditions of employment because of any la
18 U.S.C. § 1514A
Where the company has registered securities or reporting obligations, a separate federal protection applies.
Handling a complaint properly
Acknowledge it, preserve the relevant records, decide who investigates — not the person complained about, and generally not their reporting line — and separate the investigation from any employment decision about the complainant. Interview conduct carries its own limit:
(b) Whoever knowingly uses intimidation, threatens, or corruptly persuades another person, or attempts to do so, or engages in misleading conduct toward another person, with intent to— (1) influence, delay, or prevent the testimony of any person in an official proceeding; (2) cause or induce any person to— (A) withhold testimony, or withhold a record, document, or other object, from an official proceeding; (B) alter, destroy, mutilate, or conceal an object with intent to impair the object’s integrity or availability for use in an official proceeding; (C) evade legal process summoning that person to appear as a witness, or to produce a record, document, or other object, in an official proceeding; or (D) be absent from an official proceeding to which such person has been summoned by legal process; or (3) hinder, delay, or prevent the communication to a law enforcement officer or judge of t
18 U.S.C. § 1512
Where the underlying allegation concerns claims for federal payment, the defense-side analysis is at False Claims Act defense — and a sealed qui tam action may already exist without the company knowing.
Frequently asked questions
Does the firm represent whistleblowers?
No. Waxman Litigation acts for companies and their boards, and advises on receiving and handling complaints.
The complaint is baseless. Can we dismiss the person?
Not on that basis, and not without advice. Retaliation exposure under 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h) does not depend on the complaint being correct.
Do we have to investigate every complaint?
Not every complaint requires a formal investigation, but every complaint requires a considered response and preservation of the relevant records.
Could there already be a case we do not know about?
Yes. Qui tam complaints are filed under seal under 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b), so a company may be unaware for a considerable period.
Who should handle the complaint?
Not the person complained about, and generally not their reporting line. Where the allegation reaches senior management, independence becomes the central question.
What counts as retaliation under the False Claims Act?
Discharge, demotion, suspension, threats, harassment, or any other discrimination in the terms and conditions of employment because of lawful acts done in furtherance of an action under 31 U.S.C. § 3730 or other efforts to stop a violation of that subchapter.
Why can a retaliation claim succeed even where the underlying report was wrong?
Because § 3730(h)(1) protects lawful efforts to stop a violation, not only correct ones. The protected conduct is the employee’s, which is why the merits of the allegation and the treatment of the person who raised it are two separate questions.
When does the deadline to bring a retaliation claim expire?
Under the False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h)(3) bars a civil action brought more than three years after the retaliation occurred. Under Sarbanes-Oxley the window is far shorter — 18 U.S.C. § 1514A(b)(2)(D) requires the action to be commenced within 180 days of the violation, or of the date the employee became aware of it.
Where is a retaliation claim brought?
A False Claims Act retaliation action is brought in the appropriate United States district court, which § 3730(h)(2) states in terms. A Sarbanes-Oxley claim starts instead as an administrative complaint, governed by the procedures in 49 U.S.C. § 42121(b).
How should a complaint be handled so the two questions stay separate?
By putting the investigation of the allegation and any decision about the complainant in different hands, and by documenting the basis for any employment action independently of the complaint, so the record shows the two were decided apart.
How much can a retaliation finding cost the company?
Under 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h)(2) relief includes reinstatement with seniority, two times the amount of back pay, interest on the back pay, and special damages including litigation costs and reasonable attorneys’ fees. Sarbanes-Oxley relief under § 1514A(c)(2) covers back pay with interest plus litigation costs, expert witness fees and attorney fees, but is not doubled.
Sources and legal authorities
General information, not legal advice. Scope, conduct and privilege decisions turn on the specific facts and should be taken with counsel before the first interview.
Related: Internal Investigations · False Claims Act Defense · Workplace Misconduct Investigations · White-Collar Defense. Call (301) 901-3109 or use the contact page.